Memory Isa Constructive and Dynmaic System Rather Thana...

Memory is a constructive and dynamic system rather than a passive mechanism for recording external information. Evaluate this claim, making reference to research findings. In order to evaluate this claim it is necessary to look at some of the research that has been carried out on memory. Most of the relevant research findings support the theory that memory is indeed a constructive and dynamic system but how much of what we store in our memory is down to active and conscious energy and how much information is absorbed in a passive and automatic way. Brace and Roth (as cited in Brace and Roth, 2007, pg130) state that â€Å"memory is an active, selective and constructive process rather than a passive mechanism for recording external†¦show more content†¦Brace and Roth (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007, pg 168) support Bartlett’s theory and state that memories are â€Å"central to learning, they are dynamic – always in the process of being created and developed as we learn and adapt through our lives.† There are techniques that we can employ to help us remember and strengthen our memories. We can elaborate and change details a bout events and information that we remember and of course we can lose memories completely. A good example of this is the diary study that was carried out over the course of six years by Marigold Linton. Linton kept a diary every day in order to investigate her autobiographical memory. Linton found that by the end of the study she had forgotten 30 per cent of all the events recorded. She also found that even though she had marked some events as more significant at the time than others this had no impact on the events that she remembered. With prompts such as organising the events into topics, themes or putting them into chronological order she could remember more details. Other psychologists like Conway for example also found the same results. The findings support the idea that autobiographical memories are organized hierarchically and are stored within time periods and themes (Brace and Roth, 2007). This also supports the claim that memory is a constructive and dynamic system as th e brain has sorted the information into different categories.

Complex Relationships in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice: Complex Relationships This paper will discuss the relationships between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, Jane and Mr. Bingley, Mother and Father , Lydia and Wickham, and the Mother and her daughters . The book Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is all about the relationships that the Bennet Family has with one another and the people they lead in. My reasoning behind this discussion of their relationships is to provide yet another outsider look on how it looks. I have read a couple of article and I feel like most individuals get the relationships very off, the story is very simple and give a good step by step presentation of how the relationships work bout. Pride and Prejudice primarily focuses on Elizabeth and†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth Bennet also describes her sister to be a wonderful sister because people have a general liking to her (outside of her beauty), she has also never spoken ill of anyone and is just a general good human being. While Jane is being described as this wonderful, beautiful, and kind human being throughout the novel; the sames is said for Mr. Bingley. Mr. Bingley is continually said to be gentlemanlike and he is described by the author about him being very pleasant, easy going, and to have manners toward all people (despite his higher ranking). At their first meeting, early in the novel, Jane and Bingley both see these positive characteristics in each other, and see nothing negative to come from their relationship. There is an immediate connection between the two. As shown in the novel the relationship between Jane and Mr.Bingley goes well beyond and the â€Å"love at first sight† relationship. After the public ball she is invited by Caroline Bingley to have dinner with her (this was a way of the sister finding out more information about this Bennet sister and also just figuring out where the sudden amount of love that her brother has for Jane came from). While reading this letter the mother in mere seconds plots how her daughter will be able to stay over (without telling anyone until after). She makes Jane go on horseback, which lead Jane to having a cold since it was raining while she was riding. This incident worked exactly to the motherShow MoreRelatedJane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Essay: Own Prompt #8-The Obscurities of the Victorian Society In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen satirizes the superficially built society in Victorian Era by pointing out the flaws with the recurring themes of marriage versus love and gender roles through dramatic irony and character relations. All relationships and the idea of true love tend to be obscured by this materialistic society that is based on wealth, power, title, and connections. 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Rancid - ... And Out Come the Wolves free essay sample

In1995, Rancid released their third album, And Out Come theWolves. Rancid is a Bay Area punk/ska band formed in the early?s. After a struggling debut and a smash sophomore album, Rancidfinally released an album to bring them to the forefront of the punkscene. There are three reasons why this album is a masterpiece ofmusical artistry. First, Rancid has an unbelievable front man, TimArmstrong. With his unmistakable voice and uncontrollable energy, he isclearly the heart and soul of the band. He combines his musical and songwriting abilities to produce a superb record. Secondly, the albumis packed with awesome songs. Roots Radical, TimeBomb and Ruby Soho are energizing punk hits.Journey to the End of the East Bay and Wars Endwill jump-start your senses and urge you to mosh without control.Finally, the crunch, punk sound on this album is excellent. The soundwill cut through your stereo and leave you in a spellbound punkeuphoria. We will write a custom essay sample on Rancid And Out Come the Wolves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This hardcore sound makes Rancid one of the best punk bandstoday. Rancids And Out Come the Wolves is anoutstanding album that should be purchased by everyone.

Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism Essay Example

Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism Essay When Gandhi was 16 his father became very ill. Being very devoted to his parents, he attended to his father at all times during his illness. However, one night, Gandhis uncle came to relieve Gandhi for a while. He retired to his bedroom where carnal desires overcame him and he made love to his wife. Shortly afterward a servant came to report that Gandhis father had just died. Gandhi felt tremendous guilt and never could forgive himself. He came to refer to this event as double shame. The incident had significant influence in Gandhi becoming celibate at the age of 36, while still married. [78] This decision was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Brahmacharya — spiritual and practical purity — largely associated with celibacy and asceticism. Gandhi saw Brahmacharya as a means of becoming close with God and as a primary foundation for self realisation. In his autobiography he tells of his battle against lustful urges and fits of jealousy with his childhood bride, Kastu rba. He felt it his personal obligation to remain celibate so that he could learn to love, rather than lust. For Gandhi, Brahmacharya meant control of the senses in thought, word and deed. . [79] Towards the end of his life, it became public knowledge that Gandhi had been sharing his bed for a number of years with young women. [80][81] He explained that he did this for bodily warmth at night and termed his actions as nature cure. Later in his life he started experimenting with brahmacharya in order to test his self control. His letter to Birla in April, 1945 referring to women or girls who have been naked with me indicates that several women were part of his experiments. [82] He wrote five editorials in Harijan discussing the practice of brahmacharya. [83] As part of these experiments, he initially slept with his women associates in the same room but at a distance. Afterwards he started to lie in the same bed with his women disciples and later took to sleeping naked alongside them. [82] According to Gandhi active-celibacy meant perfect self control in the presence of the opposite sex. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gandhi conducted his experiments with a number of women such as Abha, the sixteen year old wife of his grandnephew Kanu Gandhi. Gandhi acknowledged that this experiment is very dangerous indeed, but thought that it was capable of yielding great results. [84] His nineteen year old grandniece, Manu Gandhi, too was part of his experiments. Gandhi had earlier written to her father, Jaisukhlal Gandhi, that Manu had started to share his bed so that he may correct her sleeping posture. [84] Gandhi saw himself as a mother to these women and would refer to Abha and Manu as my walking sticks. Gandhi called Sarladevi, a married woman with children and a devout follower, his spiritual wife. He later said that he had come close to having sexual relations with her. [85] He had told a correspondent in March, 1945 that sleeping together came with my taking up of bramhacharya or even before that; he said he had experimented with his wife but that was not enough. [84] Gandhi felt satisfied with his experiments and wrote to Manu that I have successfully practiced the eleven vows taken by me. This is the culmination of my striving for last thirty six years. In this yajna I got a glimpse of the ideal truth and purity for which I have been striving. [86] Gandhi had to take criticism for his experiments by many of his followers and opponents. His stenographer, R. P. Parasuram, resigned when he saw Gandhi sleeping naked with Manu. [87] Gandhi insisted that he never felt aroused while he slept beside her, or with Sushila or Abha. I am sorry Gandhi said to Parasuram, you are at liberty to leave me today. Nirmal Kumar Bose, leading anthropologist and close associate of Gandhi, parted company with him in April, 1947 post Gandhis tour of Noakhali, where some sort of altercation had taken place between Gandhi and Sushila Nayar in his bedroom at midnight that caused Gandhi to slap his forehead. Bose said, there was no immorality on part of Gandhi. Moreover Gandhi tried to conquer the feeling of sex by consciously endeavouring to convert himself into a mother of those who were under his case, whether men or women. This maternal emphasis has also been pointed out by Dattatreya Balkrushna Kalelkar, a revolutionary turned disciple of Gandhi Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism Essay Example Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism Essay When Gandhi was 16 his father became very ill. Being very devoted to his parents, he attended to his father at all times during his illness. However, one night, Gandhis uncle came to relieve Gandhi for a while. He retired to his bedroom where carnal desires overcame him and he made love to his wife. Shortly afterward a servant came to report that Gandhis father had just died. Gandhi felt tremendous guilt and never could forgive himself. He came to refer to this event as double shame. The incident had significant influence in Gandhi becoming celibate at the age of 36, while still married. [78] This decision was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Brahmacharya — spiritual and practical purity — largely associated with celibacy and asceticism. Gandhi saw Brahmacharya as a means of becoming close with God and as a primary foundation for self realisation. In his autobiography he tells of his battle against lustful urges and fits of jealousy with his childhood bride, Kastu rba. He felt it his personal obligation to remain celibate so that he could learn to love, rather than lust. For Gandhi, Brahmacharya meant control of the senses in thought, word and deed. . [79] Towards the end of his life, it became public knowledge that Gandhi had been sharing his bed for a number of years with young women. [80][81] He explained that he did this for bodily warmth at night and termed his actions as nature cure. Later in his life he started experimenting with brahmacharya in order to test his self control. His letter to Birla in April, 1945 referring to women or girls who have been naked with me indicates that several women were part of his experiments. [82] He wrote five editorials in Harijan discussing the practice of brahmacharya. [83] As part of these experiments, he initially slept with his women associates in the same room but at a distance. Afterwards he started to lie in the same bed with his women disciples and later took to sleeping naked alongside them. [82] According to Gandhi active-celibacy meant perfect self control in the presence of the opposite sex. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatama Gandhi and Celibacy and Asceticism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gandhi conducted his experiments with a number of women such as Abha, the sixteen year old wife of his grandnephew Kanu Gandhi. Gandhi acknowledged that this experiment is very dangerous indeed, but thought that it was capable of yielding great results. [84] His nineteen year old grandniece, Manu Gandhi, too was part of his experiments. Gandhi had earlier written to her father, Jaisukhlal Gandhi, that Manu had started to share his bed so that he may correct her sleeping posture. [84] Gandhi saw himself as a mother to these women and would refer to Abha and Manu as my walking sticks. Gandhi called Sarladevi, a married woman with children and a devout follower, his spiritual wife. He later said that he had come close to having sexual relations with her. [85] He had told a correspondent in March, 1945 that sleeping together came with my taking up of bramhacharya or even before that; he said he had experimented with his wife but that was not enough. [84] Gandhi felt satisfied with his experiments and wrote to Manu that I have successfully practiced the eleven vows taken by me. This is the culmination of my striving for last thirty six years. In this yajna I got a glimpse of the ideal truth and purity for which I have been striving. [86] Gandhi had to take criticism for his experiments by many of his followers and opponents. His stenographer, R. P. Parasuram, resigned when he saw Gandhi sleeping naked with Manu. [87] Gandhi insisted that he never felt aroused while he slept beside her, or with Sushila or Abha. I am sorry Gandhi said to Parasuram, you are at liberty to leave me today. Nirmal Kumar Bose, leading anthropologist and close associate of Gandhi, parted company with him in April, 1947 post Gandhis tour of Noakhali, where some sort of altercation had taken place between Gandhi and Sushila Nayar in his bedroom at midnight that caused Gandhi to slap his forehead. Bose said, there was no immorality on part of Gandhi. Moreover Gandhi tried to conquer the feeling of sex by consciously endeavouring to convert himself into a mother of those who were under his case, whether men or women. This maternal emphasis has also been pointed out by Dattatreya Balkrushna Kalelkar, a revolutionary turned disciple of Gandhi

Macbeth Themes Essays (1789 words) - English-language Films

Macbeth Themes Peasants of the early sixteenth century are often pictured carrying a bundle of limbs tied with vines on their backs. This is a perfect metaphor for the events in Macbeth. Macbeth is one of many thanes, or limbs, bundled together. The thanes are united by the king, or the vine. Scotland, or the peasant, carries the bundle by the sweat of his brow. They carry the bundle for fires on cold nights, or wars, and to build homes, or castles, to protect them from the elements, or invaders. If the limbs are tied improperly, one limb may slip to the side and cause the peasant, or nation, to stumble or fall. If the limb slides completely out, the rest of the limbs may follow because the bundle is loose. Marriage is like a triangle. Each spouse makes up one of the leaning sides, and marriage the lower side. The three together are very strong, but to stand they all must be united. The longer a marriage is held the longer the bottom stretches, and the more dependent each person becomes on the other. If one side tries to stand on its own then the second will fall on the first as it tries to stand. This metaphor also excellently exemplifies the catastrophe that occurs in Macbeth as both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth try to separate. Macbeth is a eighteenth century play written by William Shakespeare. Using these two metaphors, the breakdown in the relationship between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and between the king and the thanes and how they perfectly parallel each other because each is caused by Macbeth's will to be independent. According to Webster's dictionary, the archaic definition of independence is"competence" (1148). To be independent is not to be "subject to control by others" (Gove 1148). This means that independence is to be in control of ones decisions and to feel they are good decisions. Macbeth, on the other hand, feels independence is to not be subordinate to others like the king. To be independent, one must be strong. Inner strength, not physical strength, is needed. Inner strength is only accomplished by having a high self-esteem. Macbeth does not and must use others to reach for independence. Macbeth needs this strength: It [Macbeth] hurls a universe against a man, and if the universe that strikes is more impressive than the man who is stricken, as great as his size and gaunt as his soul may be he will fall. (Van Doren 217) According to Macbeth's ideas of independence and of strength, he is neither independent nor strong. He feels the need for both and thus allows nothing, including murder, to get into his way. Shakespeare opens Macbeth with the disorder being stabilized by the king and thanes. The thanes fought "rebellious arm ?gainst arm" to curb "his lavish spirit" (I, ii, 56- 7). Macbeth's stature increased to fill the space in the bundle of limbs opened by the death of the Thane of Cawdor for "what he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won" (I, ii, 67). "When we first see him [Macbeth] he is already invaded by those fears which are to render him vicious and which are finally to make him abominable" (Van Doren 216).At the end of Act I, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are discussing whether or not to assassinate the king (I, ii). Macbeth has not committed himself to this sin and to independence, he has not broken the commitatus bond that exists between the king and thane. Likewise, Macbeth's marriage is unstable as they argue, but their triangle is still together as they depend on one another. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth each experiment with external forces to gain independence from their spouse. Macbeth uses the witches, on which he becomes increasingly dependent. Lady Macbeth uses alcohol and Satan to "unsex" her and make her strong (II, ii, 1; I, v, 42). Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth deny their dependence on their aid, and still require their spouse. Their self denial of their dependence makes them weak, and the more self denial the weaker they get. As a married couple, they are splitting away from each other: they are trying to turn their triangle of dependence into a open square of independence. The split between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth becomes apparent with the assassination of king Duncan. By the end of their arguing in the beginning of Act II, the two had not come to a final decision as to whether to kill the king or not (I, v,

Pike Place Market and Work Environment Essays

Pike Place Market and Work Environment Essays Pike Place Market and Work Environment Essay Pike Place Market and Work Environment Essay 1 . Preliminary Information: Stephen C. Lundin, Harry Paul, and John Christensen. Fish! A Proven Way to Boost Morale and Improve Results. New York: Hyperion, 2000. Print. 2. Summary: Fish! is the story of Mary Jane Ramirez, a mid-level manager who works at First Guarantee Financial in Seattle, and her efforts to transform her employees attitudes. The story starts off with Mary Jane and her family moving to Seattle due to her husbands Job relocation. Unfortunately, Mary Janes husband died unexpectedly from a blood clot in his brain, which left Mary Jane financially unsecure and forced er to accept a management position with First Guarantee. Mary Janes promotion bumped her up to the dreaded third floor, which is often referred to in the book as a toxic waste dump. The staff on the third floor is known for being bored, uninterested, unmotivated and not helpful to the clients that they serve. Five weeks passed, and Mary Janes confidence was clearly shaken and all of her energy depleted, not to mention she was reporting to senior manager, Bill, who has a reputation of being very unpleasant and rude. Bill noticed the severe lack of motivation from level 3 and put Mary Jane in charge of changing the environment nd the culture of level 3. With plenty of questions and no answers in sight, Mary Jane found herself at the infamous Pike Place Fish Market for lunch where she met Lonnie, a happy-go-lucky fishmonger, who gives her Just the advice she needs about her situation with First Guarantee. Lonnie explained to her that Pike Place used to be exactly like First Guarantee, with the lack of motivation and the feeling that their work was boring, monotonous every single day. So, how were the fishermen at Pike Place able to turn their boring fish market into one of the most famous in the world? Lonnie explained it to Mary Jane in four simple steps. The first step, and arguably most important, is to choose your attitude. Choosing your attitude sounds simple enough, but it is crucial when it comes to the work environment. The second step is to find ways to play. This makes the work environment more fun and reduces the tension. The third step is to be present. This step ensures that youre always living in the moment and not taking anything for granted. The fourth and final step is to make their day. This step focuses on the customers and making sure that their day was ade with your interactions. With these four steps, Mary Jane was able to transform her toxic waste dump to a healthy working environment. Just to be sure the company follows these steps, a plaque had been made and hung in the front entrance of the headquarters that reads: As you enter this place of work please choose to make today a great day. Your colleagues, customers, team members, and you yourself will be thankful. Find ways to play. We can be serious about our work without being serious ourselves. Stay focused in order to be present when your customers and team members most need you. And should you feel your energy lapsing, try this sure fire remedy: Find someone who needs a helping hand, a word of support, or a good ear- and make their day (Lundin). 3. Critical Analysis: Fish! tells a wonderful and believable story about a common problem with todays workforce. Many workplace tasks can be considered monotonous and boring, and you do big emphasis on health and the overall well-being of employees, there shouldnt be such a high rate of toxic waste dumps, especially when we spend a considerable amount of our time in the work place. I liked how the authors used the world famous Pike Place Fish Market as an example to demonstrate that any Job on the planet can be fun and tolerable with the right mindset. As Lonnie from the fish market said, Im spoiled for life. I dont think I could work in a typical market after experiencing this. As I mentioned, the market didnt start this way. It, too, was an energy dump for many years (Lundin). The four elements of Lonnies philosophy really could be applicable to any work environment in need of revamping. Starting with choose your attitude; it is probably the most simple yet effective strategy in the book. As it is tated in the book: there is always a choice about the way you do your work, even if there is not a choice about the work itself (Lundin). Any worker can choose their attitude that they bring to work; whether they are going to be miserable or if they are going to be happy and motivated. If you consistently choose to be in a positive mood, then odds are you will be much happier and productive in the long-run. After all, if you have to be at work, why not try and make the best out of it? The next philosophy is to play. We see this strategy come in to use for many companies today, especially Google. The general idea is that you can be serious about your work, but you can still have fun with the way you conduct your business. This shows that you are not always taking yourself so seriously, and you can understand the importance of humor even in stressful situations. If the ideology of play is incorporated in businesses, people will treat others well, workers will be more creative, the time passes more quickly, and the environment is healthier. The third philosophy is to make their day. This step is crucial when it comes to customer satisfaction. The idea is simple in heory: go out and approach customer service with the goal that you are going to make somebodys day. When you go out of your way to give your customer a memorable experience, it enhances your companys image and leaves a lasting impression. The fourth and final philosophy is to be present. This brings in an element of attention to the moment rather than zoning out of work. When you are not present while at work, more than likely time is being wasted staring at the clock, which also means you are not fully engaged with your clients or customers and diminishes the quality of your work. When you are present at work, all of those problems are solved and it makes you stand out from the rest of your coworkers. 4. Conclusion: Fish! is a must-read for any business that has signs of becoming a toxic waste dump. The book itself is short in length, and it delivers its message very clearly and effectively. The four basic philosophies discussed in the book are very simple, yet they can easily be implemented in any work environment to improve the overall atmosphere. I would recommend this book to anyone that fears their companys work environment might be in trouble.

Does the EU have negative impacts on small states in the EU Does it Research Paper

Does the EU have negative impacts on small states in the EU Does it fringe them The divide between the north and the south - Research Paper Example It is to assess the impact of EU policies on the economic performance of small market economies within the EU, with special emphasis on Cyprus’s economy. Overall, there is a wealth of solid scientific research into the problem. Whereas books provide a comprehensive analysis of the relevant data and newspaper articles enlighten the reader on the latest developments in the region. Though the literature on the subject is abundant, there are some limitations in research too. A common thread from all sources reviewed suggests that EU policies have had an ambiguous effect on the economic performance of different small EU member-states. It would be wise to start this literature review by looking at how experts determine which EU economies are small and which are not. Today, there are as many approaches to defining small economies as there are scholars researching the problem. Indeed, there is no single yardstick by which to measure whether or not a particular economy is small. Some researchers look at the geographical area of the country and the amount of natural resources it has (Castello & Ozawa, 2014). It is with the believe that those factors are inexorably linked to the economic ability of a country. Others determine the country’s affiliation with a particular pool of economies by simply looking at its GDP (Gal, 2009). For example, Castello and Ozawa (2014) classify Belgium and the Netherlands as â€Å"small economies† (p. 29), even though the two countries have relatively competitive macroeconomic indicators. Ronald Schettkat (1999) broadens the list to include Ireland, Denmark, and Austria. Alt hough the number of EU member-states was smaller in 1999 and the economies of Austria and the Netherlands were weaker, they could be hardly classified as small. One plausible explanation for regarding these states as small economies is that some of their industries are characterized by concentrated market structures, which is a criterion of a small economy

Promoting Emotional Wellbeing in Working with Children and Young Essay

Promoting Emotional Wellbeing in Working with Children and Young People - Essay Example Hence, promoting emotional well being in children and young people is very important for the development of a healthy society and the world. However, to eradicate emotional problems of young people from its roots, it is very important to understand that it is the home environment that shapes man’s personality and not the society. Hence, the best way to promote emotional well being in young people is to ensure a positive and nurturing environment at home so that the child develops high self-esteem and confident personality which helps him in facing any challenge that society has to offer. Importance of emotional well being The development of a society is possible only when the children and young people living in the society are emotionally and psychologically healthy, as they constitute the future of the society (DCFS 2010, p.3). Emotional well being of young people is important not only for their happy and fulfilled personal lives but also for the healthy growth of the communi ty as a whole (DCFS 2010, p.3). However, there are many challenges to the emotional well being of children and young people as they face many difficulties on personal, family and social levels which make them suffer from different emotional and psychological problems. ... This proves to be dangerous not only for their personal lives but also for the society as a whole. Hence, for the peaceful and positive existence of the individual and societies, emotional health of children and young people is the most important thing (DCFS 2010, p.3). The emotional development of a child begins at home (DCFS 2010, p.3). If a child does not get nourishing and positive environment at home, then he becomes incapable of developing trust in the outside world. It has been found that the foundation of the emotional health of a child is laid in the first two years of his life (DCFS 2010, p.3). If a child is nourished properly at this stage, then he becomes an emotionally healthy being and becomes capable of facing the challenges of life (DCFS 2010, p.3). However, the lack of nourishment at this stage leads to development of many psychological and emotional problems like fear, anxiety, violent tendency, lack of direction and most importantly, low self-esteem (Bernard, Ellis and Terjesen 2006, p.26). Hence, if a child is to grow into an emotionally and psychologically healthy human being, then his childhood has to be nourishing and loving. Impact of social and emotional problems Young people suffering from emotional and social maladjustment go through a lot of frustration and anger. The suppressed feelings try to find an outlet through indulgence in sex, drugs, alcohol and violence (Titley 2004, p.33). Violence in young people not only affects the victims of the violence but also affect the personal and social lives of people who display violent behaviour. It has been noted that children and young people who resort to violence suffer from depression, drug addiction,

Chinas arms export to the developing countries in Asia Essay

Chinas arms export to the developing countries in Asia - Essay Example In the context of the sudden increase in China’s arm exports in the last decade, two things are worth mentioning. First, the increase is primarily due to a sudden rise in volume of arms purchased by Pakistan in the last few years, wherein it accounts for more than 50 % of arms exported by China in the last five years (Holtom, Bromley, Wezeman and Wezeman, 2013). China has exported combat aircrafts in large numbers to Pakistan, while there are pending orders for frigates and submarines. Besides Pakistan, some of the recent arms deals with other countries, such as Venezuela, Morocco and Algeria, show that China is rapidly turning into a powerful arms dealer (Klare, 2013). Second, currently many research papers have focused on China’s development of advanced weapon technologies; however, these advanced forms of arms are not successful as the traditional ones within the global market. This is primarily because main importers of Chinese arms are the countries that aim at buy ing cheaper and less advanced weapons, even though China may have more advanced systems in offer. As for example, reports show that China exports more of F-7.2, which are technologically less advanced than the J-10 and J-11 models of fighter planes (Holtom, Bromley, Wezeman and Wezeman, 2013). Therefore, it is evident that while China gained significance as a global player within the arms export market, its buyers are mainly from the developing nations. Between 2006 and 2009, (Grimmett, 2011).

Product Placement In Movies Media Essay

Product Placement In Movies Media Essay Many people who saw Home alone remember the scene in the beginning where the McAllister family sits around the table having dinner. Fuller, go easy on the Pepsi, Kevins aunt said to her son. But this phrase is much more than just a warning against drinking too much soda. These products are not appearing by accident. In a quest to cut the commercial clutter and declining television ratings, marketers have tried their hand at more subtle or intrusive ways of displaying their products in big-screen movies through what is known as product placement. Product placement, also called embedded marketing, is defined by the European Union as any form of audiovisual commercial communication consisting of the inclusion of or reference to a product, a service or the trade mark thereof so that is featured within a programme  [1]  . It is a form of advertising that is used in movies and TV shows where branded products are placed in a movie setting. It usually aims to be inconspicuous and be part of the scene so that the audience will see a product in the natural environment. Product placement practices also exist in music videos, radio programs, video games, plays, novels etc. Placing branded products in entertainment media like movies is not a new developed concept. There is no doubt that the consumer is more likely to accept product placement in movies compared to traditional advertisements. Product placement can add credibility to a movie. It is easier to identify with a story or with a movie character when they used products familiar to everyday life. Product placement is a substitute for the traditional TV advertising. It has been used since the invention of the small screen. Product placement or brand placement appeared first in motion pictures as early as the late 1940s and early 1950s. One example was in 1948 in the movie Mildred Pierce where an actor drank Jack Daniels whinsky. Since Reeses Pieces appeared in the movie E.T. The Extraterrestrial, over 20 years ago, product placement has developed and evolved significantly. After the film realesed, Hersey claimed a 65% increase in sales of Reeses Pieces candy. This success generate an intensified interest in product placement area which has led to the establishement of agencies that specialize in product placement. Some of the company that provides product placement servicies are: Creative Film Production, Creative Artist, Krown Enterteinment, Norm Marshall Associates, Robert Kovologgs Associated Film Promotions, Unique Product Placement, Creative Entertainment Servicies.  [ 2]  This agencies examine film scripts, search for appropriate settings in movies where their clients products can be placed and then make suggestions to the film makers. The product placement in a movie can be as simple as a product being used in one scene (e.g. when a character uses a particular brand of beer or soft drink), a brand being mentioned by a character in the story, or a logo visible in the background of a frame (e.g. when a brands logo is visible on a billboard or the side of a truck). At the other extreme, a product placement can be an integral part of the movie. In the movie Youve got mail, AOL Internet service was an essential part of the movie and was connected to the plot throughout the entire movie. The multifaceted nature of product placement makes it an interesting, complex, marketing practice. In any James Bond movies, the agent has always been drinking martini, driving luxuries cars, wearing the fanciest suits and the most expensive watches. James Bond movies are famous for being the ones with the biggest amount of product placement. They include mostly upmarket range products. CinemaScore To determine how much a marketer should pay a movie producer for a product placement, Ed Mintz developed a sistem called CinemaScore which is similar to the Nielsen ratings in television advertising. CinemaScore is the industry lider in measuring movie appeal among theatre audiences. For over 34 years, CinemaScore has been polling moviegoers at major movie releases on opening night to collect demographic information and calculate a distinctive CinemaScore grade. A movies overall CinemaScore can range from A+ to F. For example, using the CinemaScore formula, they calculated a $28,130 placement fee for the placement of Coke in Crocodile Dundee II based on projected $100,000 million revenues at the box office and recall data obtain from exit surveys. Types of product placement strategies Product placement strategies can be categorized by the mode of presentation (the senses activated by the stimulus) into three modes: visual only (VIS), audio only (AUD) and combined audio-visual (AV). The first mode (VIS) involves showing a product, logo, billboard or some other visual brand identifier without any relevant message or sounds on the audio track which draw attention to the product (e.g. Danny DeVito drinking Coors Light with the label clearly exposed to the audience in Twins). The second mode involves the mention of a brand name or a character conveying brand-related messages in audio form, without showing the product on the screen (e.g. Martin Sheen yelling to a waitress Get this kid a Molson Light in Wall Street). The third mode (AV) involves showing a brand and at the same time mentioning the brand name or conveying a brand-relevant message in audio form (e.g. the main character in Waynes World saying the choice of a new generation before taking a sip from a can of Pepsi). Placements in any of the three modes may be subtle or prominent. Prominent placements are those in which the product (or other band identifier) is made highly visible by virtue of size and/or position on the screen or its centrality to the action in the scene. Subtle placements are those in which the brand is not shown prominently (e.g. small in size, a background pop outside of the main field of visual focus, lost in an array of multiple products or objects, low time of exposure). Mode and prominence are relevant to the ease with which a product can be incorporated into a movie, and therefore the cost to the marketer of reaching an audience in this way. Of the three modes, VIS is the most frequently used, but it runs the risk that viewers will not attend to or recall the products presence in the scene in the absence of audio reinforcement. AV overcome this problem, but it is the most expensive and difficult mode to accommodate. Similarly, subtle placement which can be incorporated into a scene as background and do not require a plausible basis for the overt integration of the product into the action are relatively less costly than prominent depictions. A worldwide trend in advertising, product placement, is a vehicle for everything from foodstuffs to electronics or automobiles. So, how does it work exactly? Its actually pretty simple. Basically, there are three ways product placement can occur: it simply happens it is arranged and a certain amount of the product serves as compensation it is arranged and there is financial compensation Sometimes product placement just happens. A set dresser, producer, director or even an actor might come across something he thinks will enhance the project. Usually, this has to do with boosting the level of credibility or realism of the story being told. One exemple can be found in the surprising use of a can of RAID- an ant killer made by the SC Johnson company- in an episode of the popular HBO series The Sopranos. According to an article in USA Today, Therese Van Ryne, a spokeswoman for the SC Johnson, said that the company was not approached about the use of their product. The most common type of deal is a simple exchange of the product for the placement. Let supposing that someone of the crew knows someone who works for Honest Tea. The movie people approach the Honest Tea folks with a proposal and the deal is made; in exchange of the airtime, the cast and crew are provided with an ample supply of Honest Tea drinks at work. Sometimes a gift of the product is not an appropriate form of compensation, so money powers the deal. Why do they use product placement? To achieve prominent audience exposure, visibility, attention and interest To increase brand awareness To increase consumer memory and recall of the brand/product To create instant recognition of the product/brand in the media vehicle and at the point of purchase To bring desired change in consumers attitudes or overall evaluation of the brand To bring a change in the audiences purchase behaviors Product placement can have a significant effect on message receptivity. The sponsor of product placements is likely to gain goodwill by associating itself with a popular program targeted to a specific audience. The more successful the program, the longer shelf life of the product placement. Nielsen Media Research has shown that product placement in television shows can raise brand awareness by 20%.  [3]  Product placements can have a significant effect on recall. For example, memory improves when visual/auditory modality and plot connection are congruent. Verbal and visual brand placements are better recall than placements having one or the other. To increase brand memory, brands should be prominently placed and be accompanied by an actor in films or television programs. Brand evaluations can become more positive when the placement is more editorial instead of commercial and when non-users of the brand are reached. Behavior and behavioral intentions are influenced best when the audience has positive evaluations of brand placement, when placements are presented in editorial formats, and when placements are repeated.  [4]   Conclusion Product placement is gaining more and more popularity and at the same time has turned into a huge, profitable business for both the broadcasting companies and the producers. In the past decade product placement has become a very sophisticated business. Today, every movie contains product placement. While in the James Bond-Movies 007 drinks Martini, Will Smith drives a Porsche 911 Turbo in Bad Boys. There could be mentioned thousands of examples like this I think product placement is an innovative way to advertise a product, Ray said. When you show the usefulness of your product by showing how it makes other peoples lives easier, youve created an advertisement that is invaluable. (Neuroscience major Andrew Ray) Douglas McKinley, an advertising professor at BYU, sees product placement as a necessary monetary help for a film industry. We have all come to accept product placement as a legitimate way to help fund the movie, McKinley said. (Product placement can be) good if the product is written into the script so that it looks like part of the landscape. The next time you watch a movie try to keep an eye out for products or brand-names you recognize. It is highly likely that you will see one of the major soft drink companies represented. Once you spotted something, see how many other scenes include that product. You will start to see a trend. How, you will wonder, can the actor hold the Coke just the right way every time so that the logo is perfectly visible?

The mystic drum

Lyrics† (2011). African Studies Faculty Publication Series. Paper 12. Http://schoolwork. Numb. Deed/African_faculty_pubs/1 2 This Article Is brought to you for free and open access by the African Studies at Schoolwork at Amass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in African Studies Faculty Publication Series by an authorized administrator of Schoolwork at Amass Boston. For more information, please contact library. [email  protected] Deed. ‘The Mystic Drum': Critical Commentary on Gabriel Okra's Love Lyrics: Checksum Ozone, PhD Professor of African & African Diaspora LiteraturesIntroduction In the course of reading a chapter entitled â€Å"Empty and Marvelous† In Alan Watts fascinating book, The Way of Zen (1 957), a serendipitous key was provided, by the following statement from the teachings of Chinese Zen master,l Aching Yuan Weighing (1067-1120), to the structure and meaning of the experience traumatized in Gabriel Okra's most famous love poem, â€Å"Th e Mystic Drum†: 2 Before I had studied Zen for thirty years, I saw mountains as mountains and waters as waters.When I arrived at a more intimate knowledge, I came to the point where I saw the mountains are not at rest. For it's Just now that I see mountains once again as mountains and waters once again as waters. What is so readily striking to anyone who has read â€Å"The Mystic Drum† is the near perfect dynamic equivalence between the words of Aching Yen and the phraseology of Okra's lyric.In line with Aching Yuan's statement, the lyric falls into three clearly defined parts?an initial phase of â€Å"conventional knowledge,† when men are men and fishes are fishes (lines 1-15); a median phase of â€Å"more intimate knowledge,† when men are no longer men and fishes are no longer fishes (lines 16-26); and a final hash of â€Å"substantial knowledge,† when men are once again men and fishes are once again fishes, with the difference that at this phase, the beloved lady of the lyric is depicted as â€Å"standing behind a tree† with â€Å"her lips parted in her smile,† now â€Å"turned cavity belching darkness† (lines 27-41).The significance of this closing phrase will be discussed in the appropriate slot in the final section of the paper, below. But because of the complexity of the imagery and symbolism by means of which progression of the lover's understanding of the nature of reality is developed, it seems necessary to visit the lyric in its entirety before proceeding to a phase-bypass analysis of its structure: The mystic drum beat in my inside and fishes danced in the rivers and men and women danced on land to the rhythm of my drum But standing behind a tree with leaves around her waist she only smiled with a shake of her head. One of the major schools of Buddhism that originated in 12th-century China with current strongholds in India and Japan, Zen strongly emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and vehemently denies the value of conventional thinking in favor of an attempt to understand the paradoxes of reality by â€Å"direct pointing† unfettered by what it sees as arbitrary customary compartmentalizing of phenomena.Since the middle of the twentieth-century, the exciting and fresh insights provided by Zen masters have been a source of inspiration for many non- Asian writers, artists and intellectuals throughout the world, especially in North America. 2 The present commentary is a revised and updated version of a paper originally entitled â€Å"Zen in African Poetry: Gabriel Okra's ‘The Mystic Drum† and shared privately with several of my students and academic colleagues at Abidjan, Lagos and Nausea (Nigeria) and Boston (Massachusetts), USA.Checksum Ozone / The Mystic Drum: Critical Commentary angora's Love Poetry: 2 rippling the air with quickened tempo compelling the quick and the dead to dance and sing with their shadows? Then the drum beat with the rhyt hm of the things of the ground and invoked the eye of the sky the sun and the moon and the river gods and the trees began to dance, the fishes turned men and men turned fishes and things stopped to grow? 10 15 20 25 And then the mystic drum in my inside stopped to beat? and men became men, fishes became fishes and trees, the sun and the moon found their places, and the dead .NET to the ground and things began to grow.And behind the tree she stood with roots sprouting from her feet and leaves growing on her head and smoke issuing from her nose and her lips parted in her smile Then, then I packed my mystic drum and turned away; never to beat so loud any more. 35 Aching Yuan's Zen experience is epistemological?pertaining to a step-by-step initiation of the passionate lover into an understanding of the nature of reality, in particular â€Å"the foundations, scope, and validity of knowledge† (Online Enchant).It can thus be surmised that â€Å"The Mystic Drum† is not Just a conventional amatory lyric, revoked by the storm and stress of Okra's passionate love for his adored and adorable second wife (an African-American with Caribbean roots, Diamond Carmichael, who died in Port Harcourt in 1983). 3 It is more decidedly a philosophical poem in which the dynamics, directions and management of â€Å"the mystic drum† of passion that beats in the poet's â€Å"inside† are dramatically reenacted, in a tripartite ritual and initiatory pattern reminiscent of Aching Yen.From a conventional phase, at which the lover's understanding 3 Okra's first wife, a fellow ‘Jog from the Niger Delta and the mother of his son, Dry. Ebb Okra?a clinical psychologist in Randolph, Massachusetts, who lives in Canton, Massachusetts?was divorced when Ebb was only two years old. There is hardly an reference to her in either Okra's lyrics or interviews. Nor do we have any information about the cause of her separation from Okra. Of the nature of knowledge conforms to s ocially accepted customs of behavior or style (lines 1-15), the lover's progresses through a more intimate phase, at which this knowledge matures from a close, thoroughgoing, personal relationship (lines 16-26), to an ultimate substantial phase, situated in the optimum zone of epistemological perception, at which what the lover has come know about the nature of reality is not only solidly built but considerable in amount or importance (lines 27-41), culminating in the lover's self-imposed decision not to allow his â€Å"mystic drum† ever â€Å"to beat so loud so loud any more† (line 41).The poem concludes, in other words, with a firm decision by the lover to put strong reins on the unbridled flights of his amatory imagination, having become wizened by the knowledge and experience he has acquired. Because the tropes (â€Å"mystic,† â€Å"drum,† and â€Å"inside†), two of which appear in he title of the present paper, are recurrent in all of Okra's l ove lyrics (â€Å"Diamond,† â€Å"To Pave,† and â€Å"The Mystic Drum†), it seems necessary to pause awhile to reflect on their meaning and significance.For Okra, the word â€Å"mystic† is indeed connotative of the spiritual, the numinous, the magical, the supernatural, and the shamanistic. But it is more meaningful as a poetic code for the supervisory powers that enable the human personality to tap into hidden strengths buried in the innermost recesses of the psyche. In addition to any other signification carried over by the poet from his he theories of Swiss psychiatrist and founder of Analytical Psychology, Carl Gustavo Jung (1875-1961), as comprising the collective unconscious?the innermost recesses of the psyche, populated by archaic or primordial images which Jung calls archetypes and which, as he posits, are shared in common by all humankind. See Ozone (1981), for a more detailed discussion of the collective unconscious and its archetypes, with ref erence to the poetry of Okra's transnational, modernist, contemporary, Christopher Skibob (193()-1967).This innermost level of the psyche is operated from the outermost level?the conscious mind (the seat of our everyday thoughts and emotions) ?by the personal unconscious (the seat of repressed traumatic personal experiences or complexes which may be re-lived by the individual if and whenever memories of the original trauma that gave birth to the complex are awakened by new trauma of the same kind). In its relation to â€Å"mystic† and â€Å"inside,† the word â€Å"drum,† in Okra, generally refers to the vibes felt by an individual when there is an intense surge of subconscious promptings from any of the two levels of his â€Å"inside. Further research is needed to ascertain the consistency f all these with the idea of â€Å"the inside† in Okra's native ‘Jog language and traditional system of thought. In â€Å"The Mystic Drum† as well as in à ¢â‚¬Å"Diamond† (a lyric also provoked by Okra's love for Ms. Carmichael) and in â€Å"To Pave† (a lyric provoked by the â€Å"fire† and â€Å"flame† of an unrequited love for a mysterious paramour about whom Okra is most reticent to say anything in interviews with him), the intensity of these subconscious psychic pulsations often reaches fever pitch.The three lyrics are thus not only of enormous interest as conventional love lyrics, fusing the commonalities of oral-wide traditions of love poetry and the peculiarities of indigenous African love songs performed as part of moonlight dances; they are also worthy of critical analysis as a windows into Okra's struggle for rapprochement with the presiding lady of his poetic inspiration, his muse.The muse has been described as the source of inspiration that stimulates the art of a poet. In postcolonial discourse, it has been studied as an archetypal female figure (watermark, great mother, earth goddess, water godd ess, and dancer) embodying cultural nationalist affections and idealizations of the colonized earth of the poet's Malden (see Thomas, 1968, and Ozone, in Nonnumeric, 2011).As I have stated in the later citation, 4 For the purposes of the present paper, I retain my earlier understanding of psyche (Ozone, 1981 : 30) as â€Å"the totality of the non-physical components of the human personality' (extrapolated from Jung, 1959). 5 In this paper, I use the terms traumatic and trauma to refer to â€Å"emotional shock† or â€Å"an extremely distressing experience that causes severe emotional shock and may have long-lasting psychological effects† (online Enchant). Jung defines complexes as â€Å"psychic entities that have escaped from the control of unconsciousness and split from it, to lead a separate existence in the dark sphere of the psyche, whence they may at any time hinder or help the conscious performance† (see 7 see Ozone (2006 and 2011). 4 The idea of the muse is often invoked in the scholarship on modern Nigerian literature; but it is often shrouded with a mystique that tends to reduce it to something abstract or far-fetched, or, at any rate, to a kind of African imitation of the classical muses of Garage-Roman antiquity.But our renascent muse was not only concrete and manifest in our postcolonial practical engagement with our indigenous ultras; she was also an embodiment of the highest cultural ideals of our ancestral traditions as we perceived them in the heyday of colonialism. She appeared to each and every one of us in multifarious guises. But whatever her emanation was, she was unmistakably a personification of the earth of our ancestors?the earth goddess, Ala, the supreme light (chi) that nurtures all creation, an embodiment of the eternal bond that unites the living and the dead.When our early devotional poems to this great spirit and those of our predecessors and successors are collected and published, traders will be better able to understand the ramifications of the power of this great goddess who appeared to us, as to our predecessors in the early sass's (Skibob, Window, And, Egged, Insanely, Majoring, Okapi, Kook, etc), as a dancer, spirit maiden, water maid, and other exciting feminine figures?in all cases as embodiments of our communal and individual apperception of the superiority of our indigenous cultural heritage to every single superimposition of the postcolonial order.Like Skibob and other members of the Nausea school of modern Nigerian poetry (see Thomas, 1968 and 1972; Cherub, in Landforms, 1973 and 1974; and Modulator, 1980), Okra is a votary of the watermark or mermaid, whose inspirational â€Å"songs† we hear in â€Å"The Fisherman's Invocation† (Part II and Ill) as the voice of a presiding lady (or ladies) of poesy whose presence and participation are repeatedly invoked to mediate the claims of the what is passing (the Back), is passing (the Present) and to come (the Front).I n Part II (The Invocation), the â€Å"water song† of an â€Å"assembly of mermaid† in linked with the â€Å"midwifes† that would officiate in the delivery of the Child-Front the brave new world beyond colonialism)?rubbing â€Å"gently down/the back† of the great mother past (â€Å"Back), symbolizing age-old traditions: O midwifes rub gently down the back of your Back while the sun play his play and the Back dance its dance and assembly of mermaids sing their bubbling water song beneath the river waves.And in Part Ill (The Child-Front), â€Å"the mermaids† are invoked to participate in the shaping of the future as cleansing agencies that must â€Å"carry†¦ On their songs† and embarrassing negatives of the pre-colonial past) rearing up its ugly head from a anatomically cherished past, in a situational irony reminiscent of Whole Saying's early ritual drama, Dance of the Forests (1960): Where are your Gods now Gods of the Back that have br ought forth this monster? Throw it away, throw it into the river and let the mermaids carry it on their songs.Throw it away to the Back and let the Back swallow it in its abyss And let the Gods remember their lives are in my hands In these lines, the â€Å"Gods of the Back (past) that have/brought forth this monster† (embarrassing negatives of Africans pre-colonial history) are reminded on he ‘Jog custom known as uremia, in which?as traumatized in â€Å"The Revolt of the Gods†?the fate of the gods, which are traditional in the hands of their worshippers, must be determined by humans in accordance with their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their providential conduct.In concluding, in Part IV (Birth Dance of the Child Front), the â€Å"songs of mermaids† are 5 given pride of place in finale of â€Å"our dance/ of the Front† (of the future), again stressing the primacy of the muse as an agency for shaping the future of a troubled land: Let's leave n our dance of the Front with rhythms of the Back and strengthen he fragile songs of the new with songs of mermaids Much later, in his mature post-war, political poetry set at the heart of the future envisioned in â€Å"The Fisherman's Invocation† and collected under the title The Dreamer, His Vision (2006), the mermaid reappears in â€Å"Mamma Water and Me† as the presiding lady of the poet's anguished cry for succor in the midst of the triumph of disorder (â€Å"embers.. Moldering†, â€Å"in memoriam ashes†, â€Å"flames I cannot temper†, â€Å"whirling vortex, helpless†) in post-civil war Nigeria: The embers are smoldering?once again? They've refused to die into in memoriam ashes. And have burst into flames I cannot temper. They draw into their whirling vortex, helpless? Mamma-water & me. There we stand, hand in hand, Like Starch and company, the faithful, Calmly waiting for the redeeming flames Then we shall step out with solemn steps To silence offended eyebrows and daggered tongues and walk on calm waters?still, serene?Free! Clinched by the refrain (â€Å"Mamma-water and me†), the poet expresses strong optimism that, by keeping faith (standing â€Å"hand in hand†) with his muse, â€Å"redeeming flames† that would effect â€Å"the cleansing† and â€Å"free us of earthly dross† would surely mom in the end.By contrast to â€Å"Mamma-water† (a supernatural being under whose divine shadow the poet appears helpless to offer anything but total devotion), Diamond and Pave are human objects of love to whom Okra, in his love lyrics, projects the archetype of the muse in an unconscious recognition of their place in his â€Å"inside† as his soul mates or psychic alter egos (representing, from the Jungian psychological perspective, his anima). The anima, for Jung, is one of the most powerful archetypes of the collective unconscious that participates in the all-important process of individuation. As med up in my essay on Skibob and Jung (Ozone, 1981: 37), â€Å"the anima is the primordial image of woman in a man, a counterpart of the animus, the primordial image of man engraved on the mind of a woman. The anima appears in dreams, visions and fantasies as in literature and myth in the form of a mother, a loved one, a goddess, a siren, a prostitute and an enchantress, or a femme fetal.The impact of these latent images of woman can be as destructive to the psychic health of the man who projects them as they can be beneficent. They often give rise to an obsessive pursuit of the elusive and the intractable. Because of their appearance in the mind of the poet in forms consistent with the well-established characteristics of the archetype of the anima, Diamond and Pave tend to feature in Okra's lyrics in patterns of relationships reminiscent of the kinds of poet-muse relationships described by Robert Graves in The White Goddess (1959) and exemplified in the life and poetry of Okra's contemporary, Christopher Skibob (1930-1967).As Skibob learned from his reading of Graves, and as parsed by Among (1972), â€Å"one phase in the relationship between the muse-poet and his goddess-woman is that in which the toe becomes more consciously aware of cruelty. † This lesson, also learnt by Okra and 6 embodied in the myth's of â€Å"The Mystic Drum,† â€Å"Diamond,† and â€Å"To Pave,† is writ large in the imagery and symbolism of Skibobs second sequence, Limits, especially Limits IV in which the beloved female figure metamorphoses into a ferocious lioness that gores the over-excited lover to death or, at any rate, tranquilizer him into an unconscious state from which he would awake to complete the writing of the poem at hand with a mature mind truly informed by experience: An image insists From flag pole of the heart;Her image distracts Oblong-headed lioness? No shield is proof against her? Wound me, O sea-weed Face, blinded like a strong-room? Distances of her armpit-fragrance Turn chloroform enough for my patience? When you have finished & done up my stitches, Wake me near the altar, & this poem will be finished†¦ (Limits ‘V, lines 71-84) Thus, as stated in The White Goddess, â€Å"Being in love does not and should not, blind the poet to the cruel side of woman's nature?and many muse-poems are written in helpless attestation of this by men whose love is not longer returned† (Graves, 1959: 91). As stated above, this archetypal pattern is amply reenacted in Okra's â€Å"To Pave,† â€Å"Diamond†, and â€Å"The Mystic Drum. In â€Å"To Pave,† the â€Å"fire† and â€Å"flames† of passion reduce everything between the lover and the beloved into â€Å"ashes†: And as before the fire smolders in water, continually smoldering beneath the ashes with things I dare not tell erupting from the hackneyed lore of the beginning. For they die in the telling. S o let them be. Let them smolder. Let them smolder in the living fire beneath the ashes. Through the infusion of the myth's of â€Å"the hackneyed lore / of the ginning† (evoking the sexual overtones of the relationship between Adam and Eve in â€Å"Den's farm,† as subtly recreated by Michael Cherub in his early lyric, â€Å"Sophia† (see Ozone, 2011) his personal story, Okra's â€Å"To Pave† is transformed into an archetypal tale of poet-muse relationship as predicted in Graves theory of poetry.Not surprisingly, in â€Å"Diamond,† the poet-spouse-and-lover presents itself as one in which the artist is possessed by the divine afflatus, theorized in his treatise, On the Sublime, as the primary source of inspiration for poets, by the Greek teacher f rhetoric and literary critic, Longings (ca. 1st or 3rd century AD). Akin to the notion of â€Å"spirit arrest,† in transatlantic African communities in the Caribbean and the Americas, the idea of the divine afflatus is common among the ‘Jog and elsewhere in Africa where artistic and professional creativity is often attributed to possession by a deity of madness and creativity such as Gaga (the patron of medicine-men), among the Gobo (See Mum, 2009).The speaker in â€Å"Diamond† is not only maddened by his love but clearly possessed by the ‘Jog congener of the Gobo deity of creative madness, Gaga: eke it's said a madman hears; I hear trees talking like it's said a medicine man hears. Like ABA, the hero of Herman Melville Mobs Dick, he is not Just maddened by his monomaniac complex (or neurotic fixation of on a single passion), he is indeed â€Å"madness maddened. † But Okra's wifeless is imbued with the kind of tortuous coyness that has provoked, in global amatory poetry, some of the most sublime evocations of the â€Å"cruelty of the rose† (in other words, the cruelty of the alluring object of love, as depicted in Skibobs Limits ‘V, quoted above). She is singularly unyielding: And I raised my hand? y trembling hand, gripping my heart as handkerchief and waved and waved-and waved but she turned her eyes away.The reader who turns to â€Å"The Mystic Drum† from â€Å"Diamond† and â€Å"To Pave† will immediately recognize the reification of the tension between the lover and the beloved as an extended metaphor for the exploration of something that lies in the pits of epistemology, already defined above as the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, in particular its foundations, scope, and validity. Far beyond the realms of the tremulous stirrings of the love-struck heart, the lyric takes us into he highest cerebral realms of abstruse philosophy. As the poet's muse, the beloved is not only the presiding lady of the poet's art but his link to the ultimate source all knowledge of reality?his link to the world beyond the quotidian, the wellspring of true knowledge of the essence of rea lity.From a deep structure analysis of the meaning of the poem, it seems evident that the epistemological underpinnings of â€Å"The Mystic Drum† go well beyond the culture wars of African postcolonial nationalist search for identity through such ideologies as Negritude, Pan Africans, the search or the African Personality, the African Renascent Movement, and the like. The deft modernist deployment of tropes in the poem is one that cuts across cultural and national boundaries, inviting comparison with systems of thought which Okra himself may not have ever even contemplated, including the statement from the Zen philosopher Aching Yen, with which the present commentary begins. There is, of course, no intention here to suggest that Okra was directly influenced by the oriental philosophy of Zen or that he was schooled under any Zen master.Although I have enjoyed close personal friendship with Okra since 1967 and have elsewhere remarked on the Zen mode of apperception in his poetr y (Ozone, 1991), it never occurred to me to ask him about any contact he may have had with Zen philosophy as I did not think that it was necessarily of any value to establish any such a contact, until my most recent interview with him at the University of Massachusetts, Boston (August, 2011). After listening attentively to my reading of Zen master. Aching Yuan's statement with which the present article begins, Okra readily agreed that it applies very well to his intention and the structure of the experience of the

Frankenstein- a Victim of Society

â€Å"If you judge people, you have no time to love them. † -Mother Teresa In the novel, Frankenstein, the monster does not belong in society because of many factors, but if the monster was created in present time, he would still be criticized by society. Today, people are judged by humanity the same way they were in the past. Even as the world is drastically changing, society remains the same. The monster in Frankenstein does not suit society primarily because of his appearance, but also because he has no friends or family to guide him into becoming accepted.Victor Frankenstein unintentionally creates a monster while trying to establish an elixir of life. When the monster is brought to life, Victor initially sees him as beautiful, but then the sight of him became sickening and repulsive. Victor says, â€Å"His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful†¦ the beauty of the dream vanished, and the breathless horror and disgust filled my heartâ €  (56). Victor is the only family the monster has. He is the father and creator of this being but cannot fathom the idea of his creation.Victor has nightmares about the monster and becomes extremely ill over his invention. Victor rejects the monster, leaving him to go out and discover the world on his own. â€Å"I sought to avoid the wretch whom I feared every turning of the street would present to my view†¦ My heart palpitated with the sickness of fear. †(58) This is the first indication of how the rest of society will treat the monster. The monster’s appearance is the main reason he is not approved by society. I had hardly placed my foot within the door before the children shrieked, and one woman fainted†¦ some fled, some attacked me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (101). The monster has no inclination as to why the village reacts this way until he sees a reflection of himself. He even describes himself as repulsive in appearance. The monster began to observe the De Lace y family. They have exactly what he wants: relationships full of love and kindness which symbolize acceptance. He longs for a companion to talk to and enjoy life with. After a couple of months, he realizes the family is poor.He begins to help by cutting and collecting wood for them, but he stays out of sight. He does this so they will realize that he is a good person and not just a horrifying monster. After discovering that the father is blind, he prepares a plan to gain himself a place in society. One day, when the rest of the family is gone, the monster goes into the De Lacey home to socialize with the father. He succeeds in developing a short relationship, but as soon as the family returns they are frightened and attack him, without allowing the monster to explain anything about his existence.Even the loving and caring family that he has done so much for does not accept him, solely because of his appearance. â€Å"He [Felix] dashed me to the ground and struck me violently with a stick† (129). Society today is much the same as it was in the past. People have trouble finding acceptance because of the color of their skin, the clothes they wear, or the language they speak. If the monster was created today, he would have the same amount of difficulties finding acceptance as he did during the time period of Frankenstein.In the article, â€Å"Political and Cultural Cross-Dressingâ€Å", Flavio Risech talks about how different countries each demand a different way of presenting oneself. Risech is a Cuban that crossed the border to live in the United States. The cultures are extremely different between the two. He has to change his appearance to try to fit in because the Cubans do not believe he is Cuban based on his skin color, apparel, and behavior. â€Å"It is the combination of the complexion, the clothing, and the foreigner’s demeanor which triggers the Cubans’ perception of me as other† (432).In Cuba, accents assist in characteriz ing a person as Cuban, but Risech is also told that he does not speak with a Cuban accent. â€Å"Then an acquaintance in Havana tells me I speak Spanish with a Puerto Rican accent† (432). Risech is incapable of finding acceptance in his native land, even though he knows he belongs. In the article, â€Å"From Outside, Inâ€Å", Barbara Mellix explains how language in African American culture helps define a person. When she is with her kinfolk she must use improper English so the rest of her family can understand.With friends or relatives, that are less close, she speaks a mixture of proper and improper English. In public and among strangers, proper English is the requirement. â€Å"There were implicit and explicit principles that guided our way of life and shaped our relationships with one another and the people outside† (390). Both of these articles are perfect representations of how the monster would fit into society today. The monster struggles with acceptance beca use of his appearance and inability to explain himself.Risech has trouble fitting in because of his disposition and accent, and Mellix has to be conscious about the way she speaks around certain people to be sure she is welcome in each group. Frankenstein, â€Å"Political and Cultural Cross-Dressingâ€Å", and â€Å"From Outside, In† represent how society â€Å"judges a book by its cover†, both today and in the past. The monster is inadequate for humankind because of his looks, which causes him to have no companions to cure his inexplicable pain of loneliness. â€Å"In the end, people should be judged by their actions, since in the end, it was actions that defined everyone. † -Nicholas Sparks

buy custom A Rose for Emily essay

buy custom A Rose for Emily essay Faulkners works reflect the southern white peoples obsession with the past: the decadence, family corruption, defeat and the loss of material things. In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner explores burden of the southern white people and how they remain haunted by the past good times in the aftermath of the civil war (Shmoop.com). Emily is the last shred of aristocracy in Jefferson. She is seen as a kind of monument of an aristocracy that, truly speaking, is dead and will never return (WowEssays.com). She remains haunted by the gone times. She still dreams of living it, that old southern life, and making it to work in spite of the unaccommodating new world. She rebels against that new world through the ways that the system can let her get away with. Emily still wishes to marry a rich man like her father would have made sure of; or like her aristocracy demands of her. When it turns out that she cannot have all that she wishes for, the adoration of the village as a representative of a world that still cares for such things as aristocracy, she gives up. Although she is literally alive, it can be said that Emily becomes buried alive in her home, as well as in herself. In other words, Emily still does not come to terms with the fact that times have changed. Her response to that change is simply refusing to witness it. She completely does not get to terms with the reality of the times. Generally, Faulkner assigns Emilys fate to that of all who refuse to accept change. The objects in her house are a crucial mirror on which Emilys fate is reflected long before she literally dies. The purpose of this paper is to look at how these objects help to reflect Emilys refusal to live by the times and the consequential fate, and that of those who are like her. Critical Analysis This story is discernibly in line with the Gothic story as reflected in such things as a crumbling mansion, a hideous secret and a mysterious servant. The main theme of A Rose for Emily is that one who refuses to change must also love and live with death. From the start of the story, it is obvious that Emily does not take to change quite easily. Emilys refusal to acknowledge and accept change is suggested in a number of symbols and images of stasis. She refuses to let the villagers burry her father, because she believes he is still alive. Faulkner captures minute details of not just Emilys person, but also her surroundings. Faulkner describes Emily as looking bloated as if her body has long been submerged in still wate. Another of these most notable details is the grey strand of hair found next to Barrons body upon her death. It gives the impression that Emily must have recently laid beside Homers dead body long after it had decayed. In fact, judging from the fact that the space on the pillow on which Barrons body rests is indented, she probably lay beside the body many times before, even recently. The strand of hair makes Emilys visit to the body of Barron relatively recent. This is so because Emilys hair only recently turns grey, years after Homers death. Just like she clings to her conviction that Colonel Sartoris and her father are still alive, so does she seem to believe that Barron is still living and faithfully married her (Shmoop.com). Theres also the symbol of her invisible watch. When the Board of Alderman members visit her over payment of taxes, they catch the sound of a ticking clock hidden somewhere in her clothing and her body. She seems to live by the count of a certain private and secret watch of her own. She seems to live in a time different from the one that the whole village lives in. This hidden clock stands for Emilys perception of time. To her, it is simply an invisible, mysterious force. The fact that she has a clock means that she is conscious of time. Yet, the fact that she keeps it hidden has an ambiguous implication; one, that she is unwilling to keep it where she can see it; she simply does not want to be a witness to the moving hands of time; or, secondly, that it tells of a different time from the one that is out there, beyond her compound or her mind, the real world. Either way, the clock reflects Emilys refusal to accept that time is changing. She hides herself from the real one and keeps he r own one, which she can control. But the ticking off the clock also expresses the impotence of Emilys efforts to control it, to refuse to live by its essence. By pushing the hands of time does not stop it from running. And as the clock ticks, its counting down Emilys days, and everyone elses. With every single tick, Emilys chances of attaining the happiness that she is pursuing are dwindling. Refusing to witness it or attempting to control does not save her from that. Her house is merely an extension of what she is in the way that it is stubborn in its coquettish decay. It stands among gasoline pumps and refuses, just like her owner, to be part of, and live by the rules of the new times. Against the rest of the houses in the Jefferson, Emilys house is quite isolated- perhaps, since it belongs in another world. And so is Emily. The home in which the corpse of Barron is rotting upstairs, is one in which she cannot invite people. Emily becomes isolated like her own house. Then theres the stationery, also a symbol of time. The paper, on which Emily writes a letter to the town, is of archaic shape and the ink writings on it are faded. It is of course expected of Emily, who rarely writes letters. The stationery reflects the tensions and conflicts between the different times explored here: the past, the present and the prospective future. There has also been a debate on whether Faulkner meant to explore the symbolic relationship between the south and the north in the aftermath of the Civil War and how both sides view time. Some critics have argued that A Rose for Emily is an allegory. That Barron is the ruthless and commercial north who invades the South, while Emily and her loyal ex-slave represent the south letting themselves be violated. The South, for instance, just as reflected in Emily, refuses changes and not only losses its soul in the war, but must now live with the carefree North, death, running among them. Ray B. West, Jr feels that this implied North-South relationship is not just a take on the Souths perception of time, but also the Norths. He writes: if the south sees time as a strong meadow that could stand winter, the north sees it merely as a mathematical progression (The Explicator VII [No. 1] Oct. 1948: item 8). Conclusion But to be fairly forgiving to Emily, it is not fully her error that she has stuck with the old ways. She is just a victim of her fathers refusal to move on. It is said that her father stole away her youth from her. Grierson brought up her daughter in a strictly aristocratic manner, so that even though Emily loved society once, he made sure that that love would not exactly be manifested in her relationship with the people. Grierson believed so much in the Old South and the magnificence of it that he returned away all of Emilys suitors just because they did not meet the standard of such old South. In the end, Emily dies a sad spinster. Besides the physical death, Emily had died in other ways: psychologically and socially, long before. Her death, in all its variants, is as a result of her fathers refusal to move on and believe that for him, and for his daughter, could curve out some life out of the new world (WowEssays.com). Change is inevitable. The only way to deal with change is to accept it and make some living out of it. Refusing it, does not drive it away. Instead, it makes one realize his/her impotence against the world. When the efforts to control it fail, as did Emilys, the result is so strong. Emily died for it. Buy custom "A Rose for Emily" essay

COLLEGE PAPER WRITING SERVICES from Professional Writers

COLLEGE PAPER WRITING SERVICES from Professional Writers A good essay helps you to develop your great skills that you will be thankful for every single day. Every achievement, every step that you make today does matter. Good essay writing skills can be broken down to simple writing skills. When you require professional college paper writing services assistance, we can deliver it to you as soon as you need it. And we took our time to list these important skills that are being developed through the essay and research paper writing. Here is the list of the most important writing skills.   Essay information analysis Data collection and data examination collected by you or previous researchers Doing thorough research Complete understanding of the topic or chosen theme Analytical thinking; Creative thinking; Critical thinking Clear expression both of views and ideas Correct grammar, punctuation, spelling and style Getting one clear message across your paper Personalized writing skills Good essay organization and structuring

A Letter to Explain the Subtleties of Revelations Essay

A Letter to Explain the Subtleties of Revelations - Essay Example Probably the first thing that it is important to understand is that Revelations is grounded firmly in the time of its writing – that is, the first century after the death of Christ, and it can take on a completely new meaning when looked at under that light. Probably the first thing that it is important to understand is that Revelations is not at all unique, but rather part of a â€Å"literary tradition† of apocalyptic literature that was flourishing in the first century (Kirsch 38). This literary tradition was not just Christian, but also Jewish, and in fact expanded to many other groups, including â€Å"shamans† and other religious leaders (38). Many of these works take the form of visions granted by a divine being, said to show the end times and to warn people of the coming apocalypse, so in this way too is the Book of Revelations part of a broad tradition (103). But, I can imagine you saying, this is part of the bible, not just some raving of a Shaman. The fa ct remains, however, that there was a great amount of apocalyptic literature that was coming in and out of popularity during this era, and the decision of what would become canonical (or part of the Bible) and what would become apocryphal (not part of the Bible) would be made only centuries later and through an incredibly complex and fraught political process. So, in some ways, if you are worried about the end of the world as depicted in revelations, you also have to be worried about the end of the world depicted in a wide variety of other literature in this genre. So now that we have understood a little bit about the cultural and literary context that Revelations came from, it is important to delve into the historical realities that surrounded its creation, which have a palpable impact on one’s understanding of it once one is aware that the historical context exists. The first century after Christ’s death was an incredibly uproarious time religiously, and Christianity is in fact part of that uproar. During this time period there was widespread social unrest, especially in Judea, because of the relatively recent conquest of the area by the Roman Empire (45). This was simply the latest in a long line of conquests and enslavements that Jews (at this period Christians might be better understood as a sect of Judaism rather than as an independent religion) had suffered, which was made especially dire by the destruction of the Second Temple. These times of conquest and upheaval have always been accompanied by the emergence of apocalyptic literature (48), which serves several purposes. One is to provide hope and spirit to the people suffering – the end of the world necessarily means the prevailing of the righteous at the hands of the evil, which is an especially appealing idea to a downtrodden people. Another is to solidify the base of believers, whose beliefs might be weakened or who might be tempted to stray from the teachings of their religion based on the persecution that they suffer at the hands of the conquering force. So along with being part of line of literary traditions of apocalyptic literature, Revelations is also a fairly common response to political upheaval. One of the most commonly known prophesises in revelations, for instance, is the â€Å"mark† or â€Å"seal† of the devil (Revelations 13:16) that will become spread widely during the end

Buying School Clunkers Make More Sense than a Brand New Car Essay

Buying School Clunkers Make More Sense than a Brand New Car - Essay Example Clunkers may look like they should be retired because they need somebody work or does not have the latest bells and whistles but with proper maintenance, it gets the kid from point A to point B. That is all that should matter to them at their ages. † That is sound advice coming from a man who makes his living selling cars. A new car will the owners back by at least $20,000 while a clunker can easily be had for around $2,000 and up, there truly does seem to be an economic advantage to owning a clunker. Provided the new owner of the car will not mind shelling out some extra dollars for whatever repairs the car might need. He still comes out ahead in the long run than if he had bought a new car. While most teenage kids of driving age look forward to waking up to a brand new car being delivered to their doorstep on the morning of their birthday, the economics of our times have changed that pattern. Since a brand new car loses approximately 20 percent of its value the minute it is d riven off the car lot, buying your teenage kid a â€Å"teaching car† which is what some parents and mechanics prefer to call the clunkers, turns out to be a big bargain. Buying a car that is more than ten years old often is often seen as a waste of money because of the cost of repairs that are involved in whipping the car into shape. Wise buyers though know that is not the case. In fact, the old clunkers can help you save money in the long run even with the cost of repairs thrown in.  ... He still comes out ahead in the long run than if he had bought a new car. While most teenage kids of driving age look forward to waking up to a brand new car being delivered at their doorstep on the morning of their birthday, the economics of our times have changed that pattern. Since a brand new car loses approximately 20 percent of its value the minute it is driven off the car lot, buying you teenage kid a â€Å"teaching car† which is what some parents and mechanics prefer to call the clunkers, turns out to be a big bargain. Buying a car that is more than ten years old often is often seen as a waste of money because of the cost of repairs that are involved in whipping the car into shape. Wise buyers though know that is not the case. In fact, the old clunkers can help you save money in the long run even with the cost of repairs thrown in. People like Joel Berry (Why I Drive a 13-Year-Old Car, 2009) understand that economics plays an important role in car buying decisions. In his case, he has been driving the same second hand 1995 Geo Prizm for a number of years now and far as he is concerned, the car is far from being the old clunker that his friends think his car to be. Joel explains; â€Å"I bought my Geo Prizm in 1995 with 5,000 miles on it. It now has 140,000 miles on it and still runs fine. I paid off the car in 1999. It is now 2008.I haven’t had a car payment in nine years. How much has this saved? Our payments for this car were $250 a month. Over nine years, I’ve gone 108 months without making a payment. At $250 a month, that’s a savings of $27,000. Over the lifetime of the car, I’ve spent less than $2000 in repairs. Subtracting this from my savings still leaves me with $25,000 extra over buying a new car right

The Ancient Americas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ancient Americas - Essay Example In addition, it is well highlighted that the ancient Americas people had a wide range of backgrounds, values, attributes, and physical features as any other people of all cultures would have. After viewing scientific video in the field museum, we discovered that ancient Americas lived during the ice age. The environment of the ice age was harsh because most part of the earth was covered with spruce woodlands; lakes, glacier, marshes, sea levels were lower, and temperatures were cooler. Indigenous people solved the problem of survival by becoming hunters and gatherers because no crops would have grown on the glacier. In addition, it was clear from the video that they crafted finely Clovis and fishtail stone tools that were extremely vital in hunting and gathering. From the interactive food wall, we learned how creative and innovative indigenous people were as the climate and environment changed drastically, and many animals became nonexistent. Their innovative abilities were extremely critical when they were faced with food shortage because it resulted to inventing remarkable types of food. Invention of new food like domestication of maize and improving fishing among many other invention resulted to improvement in their diet and solving food shortage. In the field museum, the southwestern pottery illustrated characteristic of powerful leaders and characteristics of people of different societies. The wide range of ceramic of the southwestern offers a unique look at the societies’ spiritual, political, and daily lives of the indigenous people. In addition, the monuments were made for the leaders to make a meeting point for his followers, therefore, making them famous to their people. The pottery the indigenous people made are the ones that have been improved continuously to come up with the pottery we are making today. These shows that the potteries we make today have evolved from the potteries that were made by the

The first division is Selection Bias Essay Example for Free

The first division is Selection Bias Essay Bias is technically the deviation of the probable value of a chance variable from the resultant correct or consigned value (US NRC, 2007). It is the differentiation involving the experimental average of measurements held at repeated case and a reference value, or referred to as accuracy. Bias is calculated and articulated at a solitary position within the working array of the measurement system (Measurement Media, 2008) and is evident in the gathering of Retrospective accounts. Retrospective data are acquired through interviews and questionnaires. Conversely, prospective data are attained through the use of existing records taken from previous studies (ABC, 2008). There are three main divisions of bias. The first division is Selection Bias. Basically, selection bias takes place when the topics studied do not give proper body or representation of the target population about which end results are to be taken from (Coggon, Rose, Barker, 1997). In selection bias, when the involvement of exposure and alcoholism is dissimilar for those who finish a study evaluated with those who match the characteristics of the target population, the general population is selected; they are for which the measure of effect is being considered (Ibrahim, Alexander, Shy Farr, 1999). In a case study involving alcoholics, selection bias is characterized where those who volunteer to answer questionnaires may possess unlike character than the proposed individual in the target population. In the main, individuals who do not react to requests to be evaluated have different characteristics than responders. Bias will be established if the association between exposure and alcoholism differs between the results for the study volunteers and non-responders. The second division of bias is the Information Bias. This major type of bias comes to pass from errors in measuring exposure or alcoholism. In a study to calculate approximately the relative risk of alcohol intake and road accidents, associated with exposure to wines, beers and spirits, alcoholics were solicited for information about their contact and exposure with such substances before driving, and their responses were compared with those from control alcoholics. With this devise, there is a hazard that case, or variable, mothers, who are extremely goaded to find out what they drank the most in the expanse of the drinking session, might recollect memories of past contact more completely than the alcoholics from the control group. If that would be the case, a bias would product with a propensity to overstate risk estimates (Coggon, Rose, Barker, 1997). Recall Bias is included in this type of bias. Recall bias happens when a respondent is asked to relate to a particular topic, and they either exaggerate what information or rule out information they think isn’t appropriate for inclusion. Data could be inconsistent or flawed when epidemiological study results are deduced via retrospective data gathering (ABC, 2008). In the case of the alcoholics, recall bias might prove to be a threat. If an accident happens, and excessive alcohol consumption is taken as the culprit, the respondent might give out information on his account rendering a holier than thou rendition of what really happened before. Some might not say that they had been drinking before driving, while others might say that they had alcohol intake more than what was required. What I see in this is that these people are trying to protect their dignity as a person, and their revelations might be put up against their wills. Seeing as this is a threat, there might be a risk of imbalanced information and results gathered for this particular epidemiological study. In the planning of case studies, the evaluators must see to it that they include the recall bias of their respondents toward a particular topic, especially if they are employing a primary type of data gathering; using questionnaires, surveys and interviews. References 74. 4 Definitions. (2007). Online, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved on July 10, 2008 from http://www. nrc. gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part074/part074-0004. html Bias. (2008). Online, Measurement Databases for Industry and Science. Retrieved on July 10, 2008 from http://measurementdb. com/index. php? name=Sectionsreq=viewarticleartid=17page=1 Coggon, D. , Rose, G. Barker, DJP (1997). Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. Online, BMJ Publishing. Retrieved on July 10, 2008 from http://www. bmj. com/epidem/epid. 4. html Hassan, E. (2006). Recall bias can be a threat to retrospective and prospective research designs. Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 2(3), 4-4. Ibrahim, M. Alexander, L. Shy, C. Farr, S. (1999). Selection Bias. PDF File, ERIC Notebook. Retrieved on July 10, 2008 from http://www. durham. hsrd. research. va. gov/eric/notebook/ERICIssue08. pdf What is Recall Bias? (2008). Online, Abortion Breast Cancer (ABC). Retrieved on July 10, 2008 from http://www. abortionbreastcancer. com/bias/index. htm